AIRLINERS No.21 HAWKER SIDDELEY HS 748 TURBOPROP AIRLINER & MILITARY TRANSPORT S

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AIRLINERS No.21 HAWKER SIDDELEY HS 748 TURBOPROP AIRLINER & MILITARY TRANSPORT S. It was the last aircraft to be developed by Avro prior to its dissolution. Originally intended to seat a smaller number of passengers, market research indicated that a seating capacity of around 40 passengers would be optimal for the type. AIRLINERS No.21 HAWKER SIDDELEY HS 748 TURBOPROP AIRLINER & MILITARY TRANSPORT S AIRLINERS No.21 HAWKER SIDDELEY HS 748 TURBOPROP AIRLINER & MILITARY TRANSPORT SOFTBOUND BOOK in ENGLISH BY H. HOLMES ----------------------------------------------- Additional Information from Internet Encyclopedia The Hawker Siddeley HS 748 is a medium-sized turboprop airliner originally designed and initially produced by the British aircraft manufacturer Avro. It was the last aircraft to be developed by Avro prior to its dissolution. The HS 748 was developed during the late 1950s as a move to re-orientate the company towards the civil and export markets. Powered by the popular Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engine, it was specifically designed as a modern feederliner to act as a replacement for the aging Douglas DC-3s then in widespread service. Originally intended to seat a smaller number of passengers, market research indicated that a seating capacity of around 40 passengers would be optimal for the type. As a means to differentiate the new airliner from competitors, it was designed to possess a high level of performance, including its short takeoff and landing (STOL) capabilities and overall ruggedness. First flying on 24 June 1960, the series 1 HS 748 entered revenue service during the following year. Once in service, the HS 748 found itself a niche within the short-haul market. Several different models would be developed of the regional airliner, typical improvements being the adoption of increasingly powerful Dart engines and a higher gross weight. Perhaps the most distinct variant was the HS 780 Andover, a dedicated military transport model developed for the Royal Air Force (RAF) that featured a large rear loading ramp and a squatting main landing gear to assist in loading bulky freight items. By 1988, the year in which production of the type was terminated, 380 aircraft had been produced between Hawker Siddeley (the owning company of Avro) and Indian aviation company Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). During the 1990s, a larger, stretched development of the HS 748, the BAe ATP, was developed and had attempted to compete with market leaders such as the de Havilland Canada Dash 8 and ATR 42, but saw only limited sales prior to production being terminated. Following the release of the 1957 Defence White Paper, in which then-Minister of Defense Duncan Sandys announced that the termination of almost all manned military aircraft development, aircraft manufacturer Avro decided that it should place a greater emphasis upon the civilian market. Ten years prior, it had launched a civilian airliner, the Avro Tudor series, but this had encountered few sales; thus, during 1958, it was decided to commence work upon a clean-sheet design, which would eventually become the HS 748. On 9 January 1959, the existence of the project, then referred to as the Avro 748, was announced to the public. By this point, the four-engined Vickers Viscount had already secured the larger end of the short-haul market, therefore Avro decided that it would design a smaller regional airliner, powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engines. It was envisioned that this aircraft would be a suitable replacement for the many DC-3 Dakotas that were by then reaching the end of their economic lifespan. According to aviation periodical Flight International, a major goal for the design team was to produce an aircraft that would be capable of operating from any airfield that the DC-3 could be. Early intentions for the airliner was of a 20�30 seat aircraft, adopting a somewhat similar configuration to the future rival Fokker F27 Friendship; however, following discussions with several potential customers, the company opted for a low-wing 40-seat configuration. It was this latter arrangement that was chosen for the 748 project. Another important focus for the prospective airliner was compliance with both British and American standards of airworthiness; accordingly, it would be one of the first medium-sized aircraft to incorporate fail-safe design principles for its structure in place of the then-common safe-life principles being practiced.[3] The airframe effectively lacked any imposed lifespan; during development, it was successfully tested using a water tank for up to the equivalent of 100,000 flight hours. Avro was not the only company to see the potential for a DC-3 replacement and, by this point, work on the 748's direct competitor, the Dutch-built F27 Friendship, was well advanced. To differentiate itself from the competition, Avro decided to focus its efforts upon achieving a more rugged design that offered superior short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance, which enabled the prospective airliner to be operated from smaller and more austere airports, including those without modern runways.[4] This STOL capability was accomplished via several features, including the adoption of a long, high lift wing, which was fitted with a unique single slot flap with a hinged flap tab at the trailing edge. This wing was mounted low on the fuselage with dihedral from the root, allowing for good overall ground clearance and the easy mounting of strong landing gear. Operationally, pilots were provided with a choice of three takeoff flap settings to select the level of STOL performance required. Another supportive feature of the 748 was a design decision to adopt straightforward systems and use proven components where realistically possible.[3] For operator convenience, the engines were provided with an internal ignition system; various other systems and structures throughout the airliner were designed to be easy to inspect and to perform repairs upon, even when at unprepared airstrips with limited equipment available. Likely as a consequence of these favourable qualities, the 748 quickly attracted the attention of a variety of airlines, particularly those that typically operated in remote areas, which has been attributed to its ability to operate from short rough fields without any ground service equipment while being capable of hauling payloads in excess of 10,000 lb. On 24 June 1960, the first Avro 748 made its maiden flight from the company's Woodford, Cheshire aircraft factory.[4] Flight testing of the two prototypes quickly validated the type's short-field performance. Eighteen Avro 748 Series 1 aircraft were produced; during April 1962, the first production aircraft were delivered to launch customer Skyways Coach-Air Limited. However, the majority of the series 1 were export sales to operator Aerol�neas Argentinas.[citation needed] During the early 1960s, Avro's individual identity within the Hawker Siddeley Group was expunged, after which the airliner was marketed by the parent company as the HS 748. After the initial batch of series 1 aircraft was completed, production transitioned to the improved series 2. The series 2 was largely similar to its predecessor, principally benefiting from the adoption of more powerful Dart RDa 7 Mk 531 engines and an increased gross weight. According to aviation periodical Flight International, during 1960, the basic price for a new Avro 748 Series 1 was �176,000, while that of the corresponding Avro 748 Series 2 was reportedly �196,000. During 1967, the series 2A was introduced, which was the same basic aircraft powered by Mk. 532 engines along with a further increase in gross weight. From 1971 onwards, several new options were made available to customers, including a large freight door in the rear cabin and a strengthened cabin floor. During 1979, the Series 2B was introduced, which saw a 4-foot increase in wingspan, the adoption of Mk 536-2 engines, along with a modernised passenger cabin, and various improvements to the fuel, water methanol injection system, and engine fire protection systems. During 1976, Eric Johnson, sales engineering manager of Hawker Siddeley Manchester, stated that the company was studying options for equipping a model of the HS 748 with turbofan engines, and that a preferred powerplant at that point was the Rolls-Royce/SNECMA M45H, as used on the VFW-Fokker 614 jetliner. Other changes would likely have been incorporated, including the addition of lift dumpers and adaptive brakes for better landing performance, while electrical, hydraulic and air conditioning systems would be redesigned; externally, a dihedral would have to be introduced to keep the tailplane clear of the jet exhaust. It was envisioned that the reengined aircraft could offers larger seating arrangements of up to 64 seats. In addition to the British production line, manufacture of the 748 was also performed overseas. Early on, India had placed orders for the type. Both the 748 Series 1 and Series 2 were licence-produced in Indian manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL), aircraft produced by the company were designated HAL-748. On 1 November 1961, the first Indian-assembled HAL-748 made its first flight.[4] By the end of production, HAL had completed 89 Indian-built aircraft, 72 of which were for the Indian Air Force and 17 were delivered to national flag carrier Indian Airlines. While the HS 748 was originally intended to be marketed principally towards the civilian market, numerous examples were sold to military customers around the world. Hawker Siddeley used the design as the basis for the HS 780 Andover, a military transport aircraft developed and produced for the Royal Air Force. In terms of its design, the HS 780 was broadly similar to the 748, differing primarily by its redesigned rear fuselage and empennage, which incorporated a large rear loading ramp and a squatting main landing gear to better facilitate the loading of bulky freight items. During 1988, production of the HS 748 was terminated, while the last British-assembled aircraft made its first flight on 1 December of that year. According to BAE Systems, a successor company to Hawker Siddeley, during the type's production life, a total of 381 aircraft had been produced, when including both the Andover and HAL-built examples. On 24 June 1960, the first Avro 748 made its maiden flight from the company's Woodford, Cheshire aircraft factory.[4] Flight testing of the two prototypes quickly validated the type's short-field performance. Eighteen Avro 748 Series 1 aircraft were produced; during April 1962, the first production aircraft were delivered to launch customer Skyways Coach-Air Limited. However, the majority of the series 1 were export sales to operator Aerol�neas Argentinas.[citation needed] During the early 1960s, Avro's individual identity within the Hawker Siddeley Group was expunged, after which the airliner was marketed by the parent company as the HS 748. After the initial batch of series 1 aircraft was completed, production transitioned to the improved series 2. The series 2 was largely similar to its predecessor, principally benefiting from the adoption of more powerful Dart RDa 7 Mk 531 engines and an increased gross weight. According to aviation periodical Flight International, during 1960, the basic price for a new Avro 748 Series 1 was �176,000, while that of the corresponding Avro 748 Series 2 was reportedly �196,000. During 1967, the series 2A was introduced, which was the same basic aircraft powered by Mk. 532 engines along with a further increase in gross weight. From 1971 onwards, several new options were made available to customers, including a large freight door in the rear cabin and a strengthened cabin floor. During 1979, the Series 2B was introduced, which saw a 4-foot increase in wingspan, the adoption of Mk 536-2 engines, along with a modernised passenger cabin, and various improvements to the fuel, water methanol injection system, and engine fire protection systems. During 1976, Eric Johnson, sales engineering manager of Hawker Siddeley Manchester, stated that the company was studying options for equipping a model of the HS 748 with turbofan engines, and that a preferred powerplant at that point was the Rolls-Royce/SNECMA M45H, as used on the VFW-Fokker 614 jetliner. Other changes would likely have been incorporated, including the addition of lift dumpers and adaptive brakes for better landing performance, while electrical, hydraulic and air conditioning systems would be redesigned; externally, a dihedral would have to be introduced to keep the tailplane clear of the jet exhaust. It was envisioned that the reengined aircraft could offers larger seating arrangements of up to 64 seats. In addition to the British production line, manufacture of the 748 was also performed overseas. Early on, India had placed orders for the type. Both the 748 Series 1 and Series 2 were licence-produced in Indian manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL), aircraft produced by the company were designated HAL-748. On 1 November 1961, the first Indian-assembled HAL-748 made its first flight.[4] By the end of production, HAL had completed 89 Indian-built aircraft, 72 of which were for the Indian Air Force and 17 were delivered to national flag carrier Indian Airlines. While the HS 748 was originally intended to be marketed principally towards the civilian market, numerous examples were sold to military customers around the world. Hawker Siddeley used the design as the basis for the HS 780 Andover, a military transport aircraft developed and produced for the Royal Air Force. In terms of its design, the HS 780 was broadly similar to the 748, differing primarily by its redesigned rear fuselage and empennage, which incorporated a large rear loading ramp and a squatting main landing gear to better facilitate the loading of bulky freight items. During 1988, production of the HS 748 was terminated, while the last British-assembled aircraft made its first flight on 1 December of that year. According to BAE Systems, a successor company to Hawker Siddeley, during the type's production life, a total of 381 aircraft had been produced, when including both the Andover and HAL-built examples. Variants 748 Series 1 � The original Avro 748 twin-engined short / medium-range airliner, powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart RDa 7 Mk 514 turboprop engines. 24 built.[4] 748 Series 2 � The Series 2 entered production in 1961 with a higher take-off weight and Mk 531 engines. 111 built. 748 Series 2A � Introduced in 1967, with a further increase in take-off weight and Mk 532 or 534 engines. 157 built, making the 748 one of the more successful British airliners and the 2A the most popular variant. 748 Series 2B � The main production model after Hawker-Siddeley was absorbed by British Aerospace, the 2B featured a 4-foot increase in wingspan, increased gross weight, Mk 536 engines, a modernized cabin, and systems improvements. 28 built. Super 748 � Basically the same as the 2B but fitted with engine hush kits. 8 Built. Hawker Siddeley HS780 Andover � Modified version of the 748 design for the Royal Air Force. Fitted with kneeling undercarriage, raised tail unit and rear loading ramp. Coastguarder � A maritime patrol version. 748 Andover � Military passenger transport versions of the 748. HAL 748 � Licence production by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited at Bangalore India. Indian aircraft were later modified for a variety of roles including a trials aircraft for an Airborne Early Warning version fitted with a large radome, known as the Airborne Surveillance Platform (ASP). 89 built. HAL 748 Series 2M � Production for the Indian Air Force (the last 20 built) were Series 2M aircraft with a large freight door. Civil operators As of July 2018 a total of 12 HS 748 aircraft (all variants) remained in airline service. As of September 2018 Transport Canada (TC) list 13 HS 748 in Canada with a current Certificate of Registration and 1 with a cancelled certificate. Current operators are: Air Creebec (2) Air Inuit (1 as per reference above, 4 as per TC) Air North (1 as per reference above, 2 as per Air North,[30] 4 as per TC) Avro Express (1) Bismillah Airlines (2) Planes For Africa (2) Safe Air Company (1) Wasaya Airways (2 as per reference above, 3 as per TC) Former civil operators Belgian air force Hawker Siddeley HS-748 Afghanistan East Horizon Airlines Botswana Air Botswana Antigua & Barbuda LIAT Airlines Argentina Aerolineas Argentinas Austria Austrian Airlines (2) Bahamas Bahamasair Bophuthatswana Bop Air (Operated one Aircraft]] Brazil Varig (11) [one Avro 748 Series 2 prototype and 10 production aircraft] British Virgin Islands Air BVI Canada Air Gasp� Air Manitoba Austin Airways Calm Air First Air (9) Midwest Airlines Quebecair Transair (Canada) West Wind Aviation Cape Verde TACV Chile LAN Chile Colombia Avianca Satena Fiji Fiji Airways Germany Deutsche Flugsicherung DLT Deutsche Luftverkehrsgesellschaft Guyana Guyana Airways (now defunct) Indonesia Bouraq Indonesia Airlines (now defunct) Bali Air (now defunct) (4) India Vayudoot (now defunct) Indian Airlines (now Air India) Ireland Ryan Air (2) 1986�1989 Inaugurating the Dublin-London (Luton) Service Kenya 748 Air Services Madagascar Air Madagascar Malawi Air Malawi Marshall Islands Air Marshall Islands Mexico Aeronaves de Mexico (now Aeromexico) Aerocaribe (1) (Bought From Atlantic Airlines de Honduras) Nepal Nepal Airlines Necon Air New Zealand Mount Cook Airline Philippines Philippine Airlines Portugal SATA Air A�ores Samoa Polynesian Airlines (2) South Africa Air Cape (South Africa) AirQuarius (Operated 6 aircraft) Executive Aerospace (Operated 13 aircraft) Intensive Air Stars Away Aviation South African Airways (Operated 5 aircraft 1970-1983) Sri Lanka Aero Lanka (1) Air Ceylon (2) Lionair (1) Thailand Bangkok Airways Thai Airways Company Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Air Service (TTAS) United Kingdom British Airways Dan Air Emerald Airways Janes Aviation (2) Skyways Coach-Air Limited United States Air Illinois Air Virginia (AVAir) Cascade Airways Venezuela Aeropostal Zambia Zambia Airways Current military operators Benin Benin Air Force � One remains in service as of December 2017. India Border Security Force Air Wing Indian Air Force: BH-572 Used by HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) Chairman Indian Air Force: 57 remain in service as of December 2018. Nepal Nepalese Army Air Service � One in service as of December 2017. South Korea Republic of Korea Air Force: First used in April 1974. Thailand Royal Thai Air Force Former military operators Australia Royal Australian Air Force School of Air Navigation RAAF/No. 32 Squadron RAAF � aircraft operated in navigation trainer configuration between 1968 and 2004 No. 34 Squadron RAAF � aircraft operated in VIP configuration between 1967 and 1996 Royal Australian Navy Fleet Air Arm (RAN) � operated between 1973 and 2000 No. 723 Squadron RAN No. 851 Squadron RAN Belgium Belgian Air Force (Three operated from 1976, sold in 2001�2002 to Benin and replaced by four Embraer Regional Jets) 21 Squadron Brazil Brazilian Air Force Twelve aircraft operated between 1962 and 2005 as C-91. Brunei Royal Brunei Air Force Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) Military of Burkina Faso Cameroon Cameroon Air Force Colombia Colombian Air Force Ecuador Ecuadorian Air Force Madagascar Military of Madagascar Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Air Force Tanzania Tanzania People's Defence Force United Kingdom Royal Air Force Venezuela Venezuelan Air Force Venezuelan Navy Zambia Zambian Air Force FREE scheduling, supersized images and templates. Get Vendio Sales Manager. Make your listings stand out with FREE Vendio custom templates! FREE scheduling, supersized images and templates. Get Vendio Sales Manager. Over 100,000,000 served. Get FREE counters from Vendio today!