Ethics : Ethics by Benedictus De Spinoza, Paperback by Spinoza, Benedictus de...
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Ethics : Ethics by Benedictus De Spinoza, Paperback by Spinoza, Benedictus de.... Ethics : Ethics by Benedictus De Spinoza, Paperback by Spinoza, Benedictus de; Sharpe, Tom, ISBN 1985157195, ISBN-13 9781985157194, Like New Used, Free shipping in the US . By that which is self—caused, I mean that of which the essence involves existence, or that of which the nature is only conceivable as . A thing is called finite after its kind, when it can be limited by another thing of the same nature; for instance, a body is called finite because we always conceive another greater body. So, also, a thought is limited by another thought, but a body is not limited by thought, nor a thought by . By substance, I mean that which is in itself, and is conceived through itself: in other words, that of which a conception can be formed independently of any other . By attribute, I mean that which the intellect perceives as constituting the essence of . By mode, I mean the modifications[1] of substance, or that which exists in, and is conceived through, something other than itself.[1] "Affectiones"VI. By God, I mean a being absolutely infinite—that is, a substance consisting in infinite attributes, of which each expresses eternal and infinite —I say absolutely infinite, not infinite after its kind: for, of a thing infinite only after its kind, infinite attributes may be denied; but that which is absolutely infinite, contains in its essence whatever expresses reality, and involves no . That thing is called free, which exists solely by the necessity of its own nature, and of which the action is determined by itself alone. On the other hand, that thing is necessary, or rather constrained, which is determined by something external to itself to a fixed and definite method of existence or . By eternity, I mean existence itself, in so far as it is conceived necessarily to follow solely from the definition of that which is —Existence of this kind is conceived as an eternal truth, like the essence of a thing, and, therefore, cannot be explained by means of continuance or time, though continuance may be conceived without a beginning or . Everything which exists, exists either in itself or in something . That which cannot be conceived through anything else must be conceived through . From a given definite cause an effect necessarily follows; and, on the other hand, if no definite cause be granted, it is impossible that an effect can . The knowledge of an effect depends on and involves the knowledge of a . Things which have nothing in common cannot be understood, the one by means of the other; the conception of one does not involve the conception of the . A true idea must correspond with its ideate or . If a thing can be conceived as non—existing, its essence does not involve existence.
